Aristotle Virtue Ethics Essay Example for Free

Aristotle Virtue Ethics Essay One basic notion in Aristotelian ethics that occupies a central significance is Aristotle’s belief in the role of man’s activities in order for one to acquire ethical knowledge. That is, for one to become virtuous or to obtain virtues one should not merely confine himself to mere studying of these virtues but rather one should, more importantly, actualize this knowledge of the virtues. Thus, for one to become good, one should do good. Aristotle further stretches his ideas by proposing the doctrine of the mean. The essence of this doctrine dwells on the basic precept that one ought to avoid the extremes and, instead, settle for the â€Å"mean†. The actions of men, more specifically, ought to be framed upon the â€Å"mean† which is the virtue. For example, the virtue of courage rests on the mean between two extremes: cowardice or the â€Å"lack† of courage, and rashness or the â€Å"excess† in courage. It can easily be observed that Aristotle suggests that one should live a life that does not border on the things that are on the â€Å"most† and the â€Å"least† levels. For example, if I were to follow Aristotle’s ethics I should always see to it that I should consistently draw myself towards the middle value and avoid slanting towards cowardice and excess. All this could have been very well except for one small thing that I cannot seem to fully comprehend. How is it possible for one to ascertain that one is actually taking the middle path? Or how is it possible for one to know that this or that is the middle value or is the virtuous action? Perhaps the key in having an understanding to the notion of the â€Å"mean† is that one should act. That is, as I continually have these ideas as to what I must do when faced with an ethical situation or, at the least, an ordinary situation, I should nonetheless take the course of action so that I will be able to obtain a qualitative understanding that what I am doing is the â€Å"excess†. On the other hand, I will be having quite a rough time in acquiring the understanding as to whether the action that I am doing is virtuous if all that I do is to theorize and never let my theory be put into practice. Aristotle’s virtue ethics reminds me of Plato’s conception of ethics. For the most part of the Republic, Plato attempts to arrive at a conception of a just life by centering on the notion that the just life or that which is good is better than living a life molded on an evil framework and one which prompts individuals to act in an evil manner. At the onset of the Republic’s Book II, a conception of the idea of â€Å"justice† is advanced as the working of an individual in accordance to the role in which one is best suited as well as the belief for non-interference in the activities of others. In essence, this principle is closely related to Plato’s perspective on acting in accordance to one’s nature or intrinsic being which results to the state or condition of being â€Å"just† or acting justly once the individual acts in line to his very nature. Otherwise, if one begins to act beyond what his nature prescribes, then the individual begins to act in an unjust manner thereby resulting to â€Å"evil† actions (Plato and Kamtekar). While Aristotle insists that one should put into action the thought that one may have so as to have an understanding of the middle value that should be taken, Plato, on the other hand, suggests that one should simply go by with one’s nature so as not to be â€Å"evil†. If I were to choose which ethical precept would be better or would fit me best, I would rather be inclined to adopt Aristotle’s virtue ethics over the other because it offers me a chance to actualize myself through my actions and be guided accordingly. Whereas for Plato, what I am seeing is that I should get to know my self first before I act so that I can be good. But this cannot be met easily essentially because I find it quite difficult to know myself if I would not act first. In the light, if all the students in a certain class would build up a virtue like that of Aristotle’s point of view, the achievement of an environment which is formidably that built on the concept of philosophical and tremendously beneficial notions in life, the attainment of the virtue of goodness is towering in the highest hopes—although it eventually does not also undermine the concept of realism. Apparently, many may not stick on this kind of perception and ought to think that it is certainly not possible to achieve a life which is way beyond the bounds of a â€Å"not-so-good† life for that instance, but with the maximum height of human rationality, such may be given enough credit for the philosophers who believed in a life where â€Å"goodness comes in deeds† (Lannstrom). Work Cited Lannstrom, Anna. Loving the Fine: Virtue and Happiness in Aristotles Ethics. Indiana USA: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006. Plato, and R. Kamtekar. The Conventional View of Justice Developed. Trans. D. Lee. The Republic. 2 ed: Penguin Classics, 2003. 8-14.

Sweden’s Position on Personal Privacy in Cyberspace Essay -- Swedish S

Sweden’s Position on Personal Privacy in Cyberspace The Internet and computer age has enabled people to work faster and more efficiently, with practically unlimited access to information. As much as the technology boom has made our lives easier, as with most good inventions, there is some negativity that must be dealt with. The dissemination of information on the global network has put personal privacy at risk. Obviously, we are not going to give up new technologies that enrich human life for the sake of maintaining our privacy; however, measures must be taken to keep the public, or government, from abusing the Internet and computer databases for malevolent reasons. Every country in the world has its own policies on human rights to personal privacy and will deal with the threat the Internet has presented. In this paper, we will explore Swedish laws and regulations and its viewpoint on safekeeping privacy in this Internet age. A recent survey called â€Å"Digital Life Index†, which is conducted year by the Jupiter Research group, concluded that Swedes were the most digital-savvy people amongst 17 Western European countries. This title essentially means that Swedes are more prone to trying out new technologies when they first come out on the market. Swedish households are more likely than their Western European counterparts to own digital handheld gadgets, satellite dishes, mobile phones, and high-speed Internet connections.[1] We can assume that this translates into more time spent using the Internet and transferring information across databases, which requires Sweden to be considerably more conscious of preserving its people privacy. Sweden, historically, has held personal privacy in very high regard compared to other cou... ...Data Directive", <http://dsv.su.se/jpalme/society/eu-data-directive-revision.html> [15] Palme, J.; â€Å"Swedish Attempts to Regulate the Internet†, <http:/dsv.su.se/jpalme/society/swedish-attempts.html> [16] Privacy Exchange, â€Å"Summary of the New Personal Data Protection Act for Sweden†, <http:/www.privacyexchange.org/legal/nat/omni/swedensum.html> [17] Palme, J.; â€Å"Critical Review of the Swedish Data Act†, <http:/dsv.su.se/jpalme/society/data-act-analysis.html> [18] Palme, J.;â€Å"Swedish Law on Responsibilities for Internet Information Providers†, <http:/dsv.su.se/jpalme/society/swedish-bbs-act.html> [19] Swedish Data Inspection Board, <http:/www.datainspektionen.se/pdf/arsredovisningar/eng_1999.pdf> [20] Arrision, S., 23 Oct 2003,"Perspective: Privacy Lessons from Europe", CNet News, < http://news.com.com/2010-1069-962993.html?tag=lh>

Enron Collapse

What are the main reasons that Enron collapsed? I think the reasons for the collapse are three fold. Firstly Enron’s accounting practices(mark to market accounting- companies estimate how much revenue a deal is going to bring in and state that number in their earnings the moment the contract is signed) Its managements goal was to maintain the appearance of value by always having rising stock prices rather than focus on creating real value for the company.Secondly its reliance on Special Purpose Entities to constantly raise capital without increasing its indebtedness. It allowed losses to be kept off the books while assets to be stated. Enron had its own executives manage these partnerships and would make the deals work by guaranteeing that if whatever they had to sell off declined in value, enron would make up the difference in its own stock. So basically it was selling part of itself to itself.It was these financial bolications to the SPE’s that ended up triggering the collapse. Thirdly its lack of a truly independent auditor to stand up to Enron ultimately caused its downfall. 2. Do you think Enron could have survived? I think if the company had acted internally when Sharon Watkins reported suspicious accounting, and dealt with it internally , Im sure the share prices would have dropped upon reporting of the actual financials but maybe the company could have avoided bankruptcy. 3.Crisis Management Consultant of Arthur Anderson, what would your advice be to the CEO? I think I would have admitted the absurdity of performing both auditing and consulting functions I maybe would have focused on the hiring of of Arthur anderson employees as enron employees, who then managed the affairs of their old colleagues. Ethical lines got blurred. Then use this platform to lead the industry to reforms and act oversear of how to avoid their mistakes and breakdowns of communication within their corporation.

A Report On The Battle Of Wanat - 1267 Words

Forethought or the counter ability to think as far down the road as we need is not always a blessing given to us. This is exactly what led to the Battle of Wanat. Sights are set on the 50-yard target because the rifleman is shooting at you, yet the 1000-yard target is a tank that has your position zeroed in. Near sighted vision requires a broad peripheral reaction force. Under staffing and over extending the battle force led to the variable that would ultimately lead to the almost defeat of Combat Out Post (COP) Kahler, ex-fil, and the awarding of a Medal of Honor. The events that lead to the establishment of COP Wanat have been studied and picked apart from at the highest levels of our military. Multiple Army Regulation (AR)†¦show more content†¦The approval of final plans to move from COP Bella and build COP Kahler happened. Rock Move is the name of the operation. Rock Move consisted of the closing of COP Bella and the construction of COP Kahler. COP Kahler was the un-official name given to the new COP in the village of Wanat in the Waygal valley. When the moved happened, multiple elements of TF Rock are used. Multiple companies played specific roles in the closing and opening events. CH-47 Chinook Helicopters were the prime moves from personal from COP Bella to Camp Blessing. At the same time the Chinooks made multiple turns from COP Bella to COP Blessing, TF Rock was sending a small contingent of vehicles to the location of COP Kahler. Overnight, COP Kahler was established when the Highly Mobile Multi Wheeled Vehicle’s (HMMWV) approached the plateau set forth for Kahler. Initially the multi-squad element that arrived at Kahler only set up a perimeter and security for the arrival of more Soldiers the following day. Once the sun was up, the small element started to build defensive positions. Throughout the entire build up process, the Soldiers were limited to certain times of day that they could work. Due to the enemy being ho lding a strong point within the valley, the Soldiers always wore their body armor. During peak hours of heat, Soldiers rested and prevented the waste of key supplies like water. Shortly after sun up on theShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of Operational And Intelligence Failures1950 Words   |  8 Pagesattle of Wanat In 2008, U.S. forces near the village of Wanat in Nuristan province, Afghanistan were almost overrun during an enemy attack. The attack became known as the Battle of Wanat and resulted in nine soldiers killed and 27 wounded (United States Army Combined Arms Center, 2008). In this paper, a battle analysis review will highlight the circumstances surrounding the battle, and the operational and intelligence failures attributed to the losses in life. A review will highlight what aspectsRead MoreIntegrity Is The Greatest Moral Obligation Essay746 Words   |  3 Pagesassignment as a public affairs officer in 2010. General Charles Campbell, the FORSCOM commander was preparing to give a conclusive investigation briefing to the family members of fallen soldiers that died during Battle of Wanat. The Battle of Wanat is often called the Army s worst single day of battle in the Afghanistan conflict. About 3 months earlier, Campbell had signed off on the investigation conducted by CENTCOMâ₠¬â„¢s Lieutenant General Natoski. The recommended charges were dereliction of duty againstRead MoreEssay about Profession of Arms11066 Words   |  45 Pagesand flow have continued. The Army in Desert Shield- Desert Storm was highly professional; the Army after the next decade of build-down and the exodus of captains and other leaders and talent in the late 1990s was arguably much less so. A recent report suggests that the operating forces of the Army, after nine years of war in the Middle East, exhibit more clearly the traits and character of a profession, comparatively, to force-generating side of the Army. So, as described above as a producing

The Meaning of s.t. or Subject To in Economics

In economics, the letters s.t. are used as an abbreviation for the phrases subject to or such that in an equation. The letters s.t. proceed important constraints that the functions must follow. The letters s.t. are generally involved in stating relationships between economic functions using the mathematical functions themselves rather than articulating the same in prose. For example, one a common usage of s.t. in economics may appear  as follows: maxx f(x) s.t. g(x)0 The above expression, when stated in or translated into words, would read: The value of f(x) that is greatest among all those for which the argument x satisfies the constraint that g(x)0. In this example, f() and g() are fixed, possibly known, real-valued functions of x. The Relevance of s.t. in Economics The relevance of the use of the letters s.t. to mean subject to or such that in the study of economics stems from the importance of mathematics and mathematical equations. Economists are generally interested in discovering and examining different types of economic relationships and these relationships can be expressed through functions and mathematical equations. An economic function attempts to define observed relationships in mathematical terms. The function, then, is the mathematical description of the economic relationship in question and the equation is one way of looking at the relationship between concepts, which become the variables of the equation. The variables represent the concepts or items in a relationship that can be quantified, or represented by a number. For instance, two common variables in economic equations are  p  and  q, which generally refer to the price variable and quantity variable respectively. Economic functions  try to explain or describe one of the variables in terms of the other, thus describing one aspect of their relationship to one another. By describing these relationships through mathematics, they become quantifiable and, perhaps most importantly, testable. Though at times, economists prefer to use words to describe economic relationships or behaviors, mathematics has provided the basis for advanced economic theory and even the computer modeling that some modern economists now rely upon in their research. So the  abbreviation s.t. simply provides short-hand for the writing of these equations in place of the written or spoken word to describe the mathematical relationships.

Argumentative Synthesis 1 - 763 Words

Rebecca Crockett Shannon Lerro Argumentative Synthesis November 4, 2010 Does talking on the phone while driving affect the driver? Drivers shouldn’t be able to use phones while driving because it can be extremely hazardous for not only them but their passengers, or others traveling along the same road. If changing a radio station is considered a major distraction to drivers, how is it not a distraction to look down to find your cell phone? Cell phones, have been known to cause wrecks that can even result in fatalities. In a recent article , â€Å"Distracted Driving: Should Talking, and Texting Be Banned† It clearly states that we weren’t trained to operate a heavy steering vehicle, while also operating a small handheld computer. Research†¦show more content†¦As he proceeded through the course his mind began to wonder as he focused on fulfilling his task. His driving began to worsen, and he tipped over cones as a result of this. The point of the exercise was to demonstrate that the brain when forced to multitask can’t fully concentrate on each individual task. The policemen who gave licenses to individuals, was affected by this experiment, imagine the normal person’s response when presented this task. The National Safety Council (NSC) is advocating legislation to ban all types of cell phone use on the road, including hands-free usage. Anticipating some of the arguments against cell phone bans, the NSC admits other in-car activities are more dangerous than using cell phones. However, the group says as cell phone use becomes more popular, it has become more dangerous overall. Now, six states have bans on driving while talking on a hand-held cell phone: California, Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Utah and Washington. It’s also become banned in the District of Columbia, and at least five other states have cities and towns with bans. Talking on a phone while driving is dangerous, period, and our advice to drivers is to simply don t do it, Jonathan Adkins, spokesman for the Governors Highway Safety Association of Washington, Dc said last year. It taxes the cognitive skills of your brain at the expense of the driving at hand, and if the conversation is stressful your reaction t ime will not be as quick. Also, whoever you areShow MoreRelatedClassical Principles or Argument Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe classical principles of arguments are described as an argument synthesis which is a claim that reasonable people could disagree with. According to our textbooks synthesis is defined as something that, â€Å"Brings two or more arguments together, allowing for comparison/contrast, rebuttal, or accumulation of mutually supporting points† (Lamm, p. 79).It adheres to an individual’s capability to be able to write syntheses relies on your ability to derive a relationship amid your sources like writing documentsRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Writing Across The Curriculum1558 Words   |  7 Pagesaddition to grammar, and should not require students to summarize, but to create a valid argument and provide support for this argument. When students are required to write across the curriculum, learning is enriched and the possibilities are endles s. #1 Daddona, Patricia. Writing across the K12 Curriculum. District Administration. v49 n2 p 33- 34, 36-37. 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Their ideas are very helpful for the development of our society.1747 Words   |  7 Pages Essay Assignment #1 Length: three to four pages not including Works Cited Evaluation of an Argument through Analysis – In this assignment, you are required to show your abilities to summarize and evaluate the effectiveness of an argument, based on your analysis of it. Thus far in the course, we have explored the ways in which we read and analyze an argumentative text critically. Critical analysis of a text requires us to look for what the author claims (the main idea/thesis) and to closelyRead MoreDiscovering The Best Ways I Write Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pagesprofessor was looking for. She said, â€Å"The synthesis isn t actually synthesizing information because you ve organized the speeches separately.† After asking my professor what this meant, I had an epiphany. I realized that synthesizing meant taking multiple sources and comparing their literary techniques to analyze the effectiveness of it all. Journal 5 was one that I really enjoyed writing. It was an annotation on one of our sources for project 1. I wrote this in a more narrative mode thatRead MoreAnalyzing The Best Ways For Brainstorming And Organizing My Career Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pageswas looking for. She said, â€Å"The synthesis isn t actually synthesizing information because you ve organized the speeches separately.† After asking my professor what this meant, I had an epiphany. I realized that synthesizing meant taking multiple sources and comparing their literary techniques to determine the effectiveness of it all. On the other hand, Journal 5 was one that I genuinely enjoyed writing. It was an annotation on one of our sources for project 1. 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Protective Value of Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystem

Question: Discuss about the Protective Value of Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystem. Answer: Introduction: Kim operates a bakery which specializes in making different kind of bread and related products such as cakes and pies. The business has been struggling in the recent months and is either making losses or very small profit in last few months. He is of the view that main problem with the business is the pricing of different products. Problem with pricing of different products The major problem for the bakery is to price all the individual products that the company has on offer. Since the resource estimate for each of the products are not well defined, there are chances of over pricing one product and underpricing the other. He determines using his objective thought process what is the probable value of the product and that is how they set the pricing of the product. Kim has identified that there is a need to identify the actual product cost and then put up a margin above it which will insure that not a single product is sold in loss. If this strategy is implemented properly then there wont be any issue with the pricing of the product. It has been seen historically in any business if one can identify the costing of the product in the right manner and is able to charge the mark up on the costing to the customer, the business wont see any losses (Beguera, 2014). Cost Aspects As we can see from the various aspects of costs in the bakery, there are some which qualifies as fixed costs and some which qualifies as Variable costs to the product. The fixed cost is something which is recovered over a period of time, while variable cost of the costs of goods sold need to be recovered in the raw pricing of the product. In this case rent, bakery equipment, insurance policy are fixed costs and that is something which needs to be recovered from the contribution margin (Beguera, 2014). While the other costs such as costs of raw material, electricity, heating, advertisement, and staff cost are variable costs. These set of costs need to be recovered within the pricing. The main difficulty which Kim has in determining the costs are the fact that what cost goes to which product line. As seen in the case Kim has different product lines and hence what aspects of the cost goes to which head is very important to determine. Pricing Model The pricing model in this case which Kim wants to implement is pricing recovery model. Under this model the business intends to recover all aspects of the cost and make sure that all cost heads are built into the price. This kind of model works well into a manufacturing system as each aspect of cost is very well defined. However in case of service of complex inputs into the product it becomes very difficult to determine the exact price of the product. Advice for Kim It is advisable to Kim that he breaks down all fine inputs which goes into final product preparation. This will help in drilling down the exact cost of the product. It is very important that product has all possible inputs on pricing. This is the reason why Kim should work on determining all critical aspects of the business and then map out which resource is going into which production unit. This will finally help in mapping all aspects of the business and then do proper costing exercise. Budgeting is one of the most critical exercise and it is very important that all organizations adhere to it in all possible details. This is one annual exercise which if performed in details helps out individuals in meeting all requirements of the organization. Budgeting tends to become the benchmark for an organization to follow. Budgeting is a very important process in the whole business system. The budgets are generally created at the start of financial year or may be at the end of the previous financial year. Lot of historic information is used and then the same is mapped on the current market situation. Budgets stand to become the benchmark which the business need to follow throughout the year and report to the management of the company. The budgets are generally approved by the board of the company and are used to compare the actual performance of the company vis--vis the budget. The performance assessment of the business involves lot of analysis and one should see what are the possible targets or benchmark with which one compares the actual numbers. In preparation of the budget all targets that the business wants to achieve or can achieve are built into the budget. This is then used actively by the business and then the same is mapped with all other aspects of the business. It is expected that from any business house that they will detail out all aspects of the business in the form of numbers. This numbers are driven by different business function heads who articulate the expected revenue numbers. This revenue numbers are function of business situation, historical revenue numbers, market share of the business and the possible strategy and the resultant growth in the coming year. The modern day businesses thrives on the budget and the management derives lot of its strategy based on the budget. The budgeting numbers help in distributing targets to the line manager. The line manager then tends to take it to the whole sales team who are responsible for actua l sales. On the other side there are people involved who are responsible for proper cost management. The expenses of the company ideally should not cross the budgeted figures. This is where people who are responsible for expenses need to monitor using the budget all the expenses. Any variances that can occur under this category now need to be reported and approved by the management. The budget tends to a good benchmark vis--vis which business compares itself. All the variances whether revenue or expenses need to be reported to the management who will then explain it to the board. The variance tracking in businesses vis--vis the budget is a very important activity across business houses. The reason for the same is the fact that it helps the business maintain checks and control over its performances and take corrective actions if any. Let us see with an example on how a typical company might consider few business decisions before making a budget. Some of the key initiatives planned for Company X for Jan17 Mar18 are and change management procedure may be considered for these: Marketing target US market; Delivery strategy to address global clients other MCO Covance shall have clarity once we have the marketing strategy in place; Upgradation of Product to cloud-based version available across devices with added functionalities; Encryption of web-hosted db (client data) for website; Migration to HRMS cloud-based solution ongoing process of evaluation of vendors from the functional and infosec perspective; Implementation of a Learning Mgmt Solution for measuring training effectiveness; Migration to INDas for A/c (external change); Implementation of GST (external change); Enhancement of BCP capabilities to include scenario of primary site server shared drive not accessible for processes run on ICRON network; Capabilities to operate seamlessly as a multi-locational unit with possibility of setting up a small delivery centre in another city; Adoption of new technologies like visualization ..; Migration to ISO 9001:2015. So this typical business house need to consider all this inputs as broader perspective before taking a budgeting call. As we can see company intend to take some new expenses in the coming year for better revenue flow, this is where the costing teams need to incorporate all possible expenses and cash outflow from the company. We have now been able to see why budgeting is so important and why all critical inputs totally add up to a lot when making a budget. References: Beguera, S., Leandri, M. and Campos, P., 2014, May. An operative environmental accounting framework for forest land blue water production. InEGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts(Vol. 16, p. 4962) Dong, M., Ryan, S. and Zhang, X.J., 2014. Preserving amortized costs within a fair-value-accounting framework: reclassification of gains and losses on available-for-sale securities upon realization.Review of Accounting Studies,19(1), pp.242-280 Barbier, E.B., 2016. The Protective Value of Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystem Services in a Wealth Accounting Framework.Environmental and Resource Economics,64(1), pp.37-58 Zimmermann, J. and Werner, J.R., 2013. Explaining the Evolution of a New Accounting Framework.InRegulating Capitalism?(pp. 3-12). Palgrave Macmillan UK Kemme, D. M., Koleyni, K. (2016). Exchange Rate Regimes and Welfare Losses from Foreign Crises: The Impact of the US Financial Crisis on Mexico.Review of International Economics. Kirton, J. (2016). G8 Financial Crisis Governance.Journal of European Social Policy,26(3), 1-20.